For much of my youth I grew up largely unaware of the events of the Holocaust which led to the murder of six million Jewish people – two thirds of their total population in Europe – and the near extermination of many other minorities in that continent.

How come I grew up in this blissful ignorance? My mum had been brought up in fascist Italy. She must have been aware of Mussolini’s racialist laws brought in at the end of thirties in sympathy with Hitler’s own Draconian race legislation. Although they were gentiles a member of her family had married a Jewish artist and there was no trace of any discrimination based on race. Indeed, to be ordered to discriminate against Jews as a result of the dictator’s new racial laws came as an absolute shock for most Italians.

When my mother married and moved to the UK her professional role drew her to a Czech refugee doctor’s family who had escaped by the skin of their teeth from the horrors of the Nazi concentration camp. They became friends for life.

So I had grown up in a family setting which was certainly not ignorant of the Shoah. The problem, I think was, that few persons, if any, wanted to talk about it. It was just too catastrophic, so incredibly upsetting especially for those who had lost most, if not all, their family through the inhumanity of a psychopathic belief system.

This was the situation with so many others who had survived six years of the worst massacre in the history of mankind. People just did not want.to have to remember these things. Surely the way forwards was to rebuild a new Europe where peace and plenty would predominate?

At my primary school there was an appeal for children war refugees. Huge swathes of population displaced by redrawn national boundaries were migrating across the wrecked continent: Poles displaced by white Russians, Germans displaced by Poles, Italians displaced by Slavs among them. But there was nothing to explain to us schoolkids why this should be so. Certainly we never had any refugees among our own classmates.

The book that taught me first about the extent of the Shoah was William Shirer’s massive ‘The rise and fall of the Third Reich’. Many other books have followed since that one, in particular Primo Levi’s ‘Se questo è un uomo.’.

In the summer of 2001 my Honda Transalp bike and I found ourselves near that most splendid of Polish cities: Cracow. Meeting up with a group of bikers at a campsite a little way outside the city I compared notes and one of the bikers said “we’re quite near Oświęcim”.

That name, translated into German is Auschwitz, and, as any sentient human knows, it is the site of one of the most horrible killing machines in the history of (in)humanity. Indeed it was the date of the entry of the Red Army into that death camp which now been adopted as the day for Holocaust remembrance.

The following day I visited both Auschwitz and Birkenau. I climbed up into the entrance watchtower made famous in the film “Schindler’s List”. No-one else was there. I looked out onto to the vast flatness of the camp – most of the barracks had vanished but their foundations remained to show how huge the camp had been. In the far right-hand corner I could make out the mangled ruins of the crematorium blown up by the camp officials when they abandoned it in the face of the Russian army’s advance. Strange feelings of desolation, utter emptiness, and complete annihilation assaulted me. I had to get out and rushed down the stairs silently screaming.

Yet so many never got out….

Afterwards I went for a walk around the camp perimeter. A family was picnicking near the interminable stretch of barbed wire fence. I walked into a little wood.

AUSCHWITZ 2001

Ash pond reflects clouds

silence by the little wood

a stork takes to flight.

Twisted iron bars

concrete minds

rusty furnaces:

Resurrection’s castle

Is a heap of crumbling concrete

Anybody who’s been there will understand these lines. If I explained them here I’d just start weeping.

Today Holocaust memorial Day is known as the “giornata della memoria” in Italy – a day dedicated to remembering the victims of the holocaust (and of all other mass crimes against humanity).
In our part of the world, the Mediavalle and the Garfagnana areas of Lucca province, the Todt organization built bunkers, casements, tunnels and anti-tank walls to halt the allied advance up the Italian peninsula. In the Serchio valley and the surrounding mountains around three thousand people are estimated to have worked in the service of Todt for a period of twelve months. The Todt organization had its administrative headquarters in the Santini palace building at Borgo a Mozzano, now the town’s public library.

Many workers were Italian army deserters from the armistice of 8th September 1943 since they were promised they would not be deported to German concentration camps if they worked on building the Gothic line defences. Others were forced labourers, captured during raids and subsequently detained for transportation to Auschwitz at the local concentration camp at Socciglia near Anchiano.

Today that area is an industrial estate and also the place where the Sagra del Bacalà (Norwegian cod festival) takes place at the beginning of May each year to commemorate a happier event, that of the twinning of nearby Anchiano with Aalesund in Norway – not forgetting, too, that Norway was also subject to the Nazi scourge and has its own victims to mourn.

On the alternative route to Lucca from Bagni di Lucca a commemoration stone, dedicated to the majority of those victims who never returned, has been erected on the site of the camp.

I have come across concentration camps before even Auschwitz. In 1997 we passed by another one near Munich where it all started:

DACHAU

The land of lemon groves and honeyed saints

is left behind with the alpine high road;

before us the plains of the north unfold

round a little town with its smiling square

embraced by pink and white baroque mansions.

Yet we are hushed as the road guides along

a tall fence of heavy wood and barbed wire.

Watchtowers punctuate it at intervals

scowling at us like cerberean hounds

salivating for fresh escapee meat.

It was not easy to get here. One’s mind

had to reach the decision and then none

would understand pleas for directions:

You want the town centre? No, I don’t know

a death-camp, but there’s the war museum.

A wide and empty parade-ground stretches

within: this place was planned for officers.

To one side a memorial shrine is manned

by a Turk and his family. They smile

inviting us to the chamber of horrors.

Treated as untouchables in a land

which once saw its own stock as master-race

and poked fun at the seraglio’s secrets

a few years after the imperial city

was almost raped by janissary troops.

So it was here that the rail tracks stopped

for huddled masses of weeping mothers

separated from their crying children

and husbands impotent before their spouse

as the armed greatcoats shoved them to one side.

And this was the new life falsely promised,

the fresh start in a different settlement

with hope of work: from dental surgery

to assistant in medical research.

Job-creation in the third empire style.

Sent to be purified in shower blocks

which released that most powerful human

disinfectant of all: death, agonised

death in the excrement of shock of those

waves that came before and those that followed.

Who climbed over the centre of the roof

to release the crystals of zyklon-B?

Did they apply for the post or draw lots

or merely obey orders which must be

obeyed? I ask but know there’s no answer.

No answer from the razed foundations where

babylonian wails pierced the benighted world.

No answer from the photos of shaven heads,

staring eyes with the look of the dead while

moth wings burn in a lamp’s human shade.

Crescent moon rises on spectral towers

as the casino fills with babbling punters

while coffee and cakes are served in the square

and snapshots are exchanged of summer days

in a land of lemon and orange groves.

“Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it” said Winston Churchill (or was it the philosopher Santayana) famously. Whatever one’s political persuasion, neglect of “il giorno della memoria” is neglect of one’s most essential humanity.

It’s somewhat different today from the times when what happened during those terrible years was virtually taboo. The institution of an international Holocaust memorial Day in 2005 has done much to bring those events to people’s attention. Monuments, plaques, museums, educational centres and exhibitions have also played their essential parts. It’s now no longer taboo to talk about the previously virtually unmentionable but instead use the subject of the Holocaust as a teaching example of what we must never allow to happen again on our Planet.

Sadly, however, this year for the first time since those horrific events that took place in Europe over seventy five years ago we are witnessing a new wave of tyranny and intolerance towards fellow humans. I refer of course to the Russian invasion of Ukraine which has been an independent Republic ever since the collapse of the old Soviet Union in 1990. Unlike the ignorance in which the allies were kept for too long of the atrocities of the Nazis – and in particular the ‘final solution’ – we know first-hand what is the going on in the east today: the new breed of concentration camps set up by the Russian army and, in particular, by the Wagner group of mercenaries, the unbearable tortures of living in a place where a missile could kill you in your own flat the next second, and where it is only the memories of a past and happy family life have any power of making you see through this infernal horror.

The barbarities perpetrated against the civilian population of the Ukraine, the systematic destruction of that country’s infrastructure, the immeasurable damage done to the psyche of new generations in the country, which we knew in happier times when we visited it in 2004, would have been unimaginable just a year ago.

We must not let them pass – even if to do so we have to invoke the irony of German tanks entering the conflict to liberate Ukraine and remember that eighty years ago tanks from the same country were used in an attempt to annex eastern Europe into the most diabolical system known since the Mongol invasions.

Will there ever, ever come a time when these tanks or indeed any system of warfare will be considered unimaginably obsolete for the positive future of our Planet?