La Piaga Del Plagio nel Mondo Della Musica

Il plagio, cioè l’appropriazione da un ‘ladro artistico’ di materiale creativo che è proprietà per diritto di un altro autore, è particolarmente diffuso nella musica. Infatti, costituisce sovente una situazione essenziale nella creatività del compositore. Dall’età medioevale al barocco, all’era classica e, specialmente nella musica contemporanea, grandi musicisti come Palestrina, Mozart, Beethoven, Puccini, e Berio hanno tutti plagiato.

Handel Plagiarism

Dobbiamo distinguere, però, tra le varie categorie di plagio. Prima, c’è il plagio ‘legale’, meglio descritto come ‘prestito creativo’, ammesso per tradizione e forma musicale come, tipicamente, nelle variazioni su un tema di un altro compositore: per esempio, le variazioni di Brahms su un tema di Haydn, oppure le ‘partite’ su un motivo entrato nella tradizione, come ‘La Follia’, impiegata da una moltitudine di musicisti incluso il nostro Lucchese Geminiani, e perfino da Rachmaninov (che, però, lo attribuì ad Arcangelo Corelli).

Un altro prestito creativo è quando un compositore adatta dalle proprie composizioni, forse per ragioni di mancanza di tempo o forse perché un suo brano può essere estratto e usato in una nuova composizione. Bach e Haendel sono tra i più noti ‘auto-imprestatori creativi’.  Per esempio, Bach utilizza il primo tempo del suo terzo concerto Brandenburghese per la sinfonia che inizia la cantata di Pentecoste Ich liebe den Höchsten von ganzem Gemüte (BWV 174), con l’aggiunta, però, di due oboi, un oboe alto (detto ‘taille’), corna e un fagotto congiunto al continuo.

In questo rispetto Giacomo Puccini usufruì di certe sue composizioni nelle sue grandi opere liriche. Per esempio, alcuni temi del quartetto ‘I Crisantemi’ ritornano nell’ultimo atto della ‘Manon Lescaut’; la parte centrale del brano che completò gli studi Milanesi, il ‘Capriccio sinfonico’ del 1883, è usata all’inizio della  ‘Bohème’, composta tredici anni più tardi.

Potrei citare parecchi altri esempi. Per esempio, la ‘Salve Regina’ viene riutilizzata nella ‘preghiera’ de ‘Le Ville’ e la ninna-nanna ‘Sogno d’or’ diventa un tema principale de ‘La Rondine’. Anche il ‘Benedictus’ della giovanile ‘Messa a quattro voci’ dona una frase per il minuetto nel secondo atto della ‘Manon Lescaut’.

Il vero plagio è quello ‘illegale’, cioè furto senza alcun riconoscimento. L’esempio più clamoroso è quello del Requiem di Mozart, commissionato dal conte Walsegg per la morte della moglie, ma che il conte volle far passare per una sua creazione!

Anche Puccini ‘rubò’ (e non parlo della leggenda delle canne d’organo per soddisfare il suo vizio da giovane fumatore…) ma qui si devono considerare plagi permessi per contribuire all’ambiente operistico; per esempio i temi giapponesi nella ‘Madama Butterfly’, quelli americani nella ‘Fanciulla’ e la conosciutissima melodia cinese ‘Mo-Li-Hua’ che appare in varie forme (con altre otto melodie cinesi) nell’ultima opera del maestro, ‘Turandot’. Un plagio difficilmente accettabile però, poiché è anche un furto che diminuisce l’impatto della musica, occorre nella ‘Tosca’ quando il terzetto ‘l’alba vindice appar’ è stato trafugato dal fratello Michele, morto a Rio de Janeiro di febbre gialla nove anni prima.

I casi più difficili del plagio sono quelli in bilico tra la legalità e l’illegalità. Per esempio, ha veramente rubato una melodia, il compositore oppure è semplicemente un caso di criptomnesia?  Questo sindrome mentale accade quando una memoria dimenticata torna senza essere riconosciuta come tale dal soggetto, che crede che sia qualcosa di nuovo e originale.

La criptomnesia ha colpito in maniera particolarmente tragica Robert Schumann, che, nelle sue ultime variazioni, usò un tema che pensò fosse donato da un angelo ma che, invece, l’aveva composto lui. Poco dopo è stato messo in una struttura vicino a Bonn che ho visitato (come visitatore, e non come paziente, vorrei aggiungere!) Gli ammiratori di questo grande compositore potrebbero dire che, metaforicamente, il concetto è vero poiché così tanta della musica di Schumann è angelica.

La criptomnesia è anche un’inconsapevolezza che un tema usato da un compositore è molto simile a un tema di un altro compositore. Insomma, non esiste un numero infinito di note musicali e, sebben le loro combinazioni possano essere quasi infinite, certe coincidenze devono, per forza, capitare. Per capovolgere la battuta di un comico inglese che fece una bischerata del concerto per pianoforte di Grieg: ‘ho suonato tutte le note giuste ma non necessariamente nello stesso ordine.’ Noi tutti abbiamo sentito una melodia che ci ha fatto ricordare di un’altra, specialmente nel mondo della musica leggera. Per dare un esempio, ‘My sweet Lord’ di George Harrison è molto simile alla canzone ‘He’s so fine’ dei Chiffons.

Un caso che, per me, forse oltrepassa la criptomnesia è la canzone ‘Ballata dell’amore perduto’ di Fabrizio de André che plagia due terzi delle sue frasi dall’adagio del concerto in Re maggiore per tromba, archi e continuo di Georg Philipp Telemann. Quando scrisse questa canzone De André doveva conoscere il concerto ma ‘imprestò’ Telemann in un’epoca quando la musica barocca non era così conosciuta come oggi. Beh, almeno sono belle le parole e commovente la sua voce. Una coincidenza che mi attira a questa conoscenza è che il brano di Telemann è suonato da un altro André, il grande trombettista Maurice André, in un’incisione della stessa epoca, anni sessanta.

Il plagio della musica classica per comporre canzoni leggere è endemico. Basta fare un confronto fra la canzone ‘A Groovy Kind of Love”  e il rondò della Sonatina in sol op. 36 no. 5 di Muzio Clementi.

Per non parlare poi di ‘Kismet’ e Borodin!

In questo secolo c’è stato un caso assolutamente scandaloso coinvolgendo due compositori lirici che hanno avuto enorme successo: Puccini con le sue opere e Andrew Lloyd-Webber con i suoi musical. In particolare, a causa delle somiglianze tra la canzone ‘Music of the Night’ del musical ‘The Phantom of the Opera’, di Lloyd-Webber e una melodia ‘quello che tacete’, ricorrente nell’opera ‘La Fanciulla del West’ di Giacomo Puccini. Gli eredi di Puccini, in particolare la nipote Simonetta Puccini, tristemente scomparsa il dicembre scorso, avevano intentato una causa contro Webber, accusandolo di plagio. Un accordo è poi stato risolto in via stragiudiziale e i dettagli non sono mai stati resi noti al pubblico. Data l’immensa ricchezza di Andrew Lloyd-Webber, penso che non sia stata una somma trascurabile e che abbia aiutato a restaurare la villa di Massaciuccoli del sommo maestro Lucchese.

Infine, dovrei menzionare Luciano Berio che è forse il plagiario più creativo della musica contemporanea. Il suo capolavoro, la Sinfonia del 1969, contiene brani di Mahler, Ravel, Debussy, Stravinsky, Berg, Brahms, Boulez, Schoenberg, Hindemith, Berlioz, Richard Strauss, J. S. Bach, Stockhausen, e Webern, ricreati, ovviamente in una vasta tessitura sonora caleidoscopica. Ritornando a Puccini, ricordiamo l’originalissimo completamento di Berio della ‘Turandot’, così diverso dalla consueta andatura trionfale Alfanica nella versione che solitamente si ascolta.

 

 

A Wonderfully Unusual Combination in Lucca

One of the concerts I attended in Lucca’s BASS2018 LUCCA (Sixth European Biennial Double Bass Congress and Festival running from July 30th to August 5th, 2018) was that held in the Boccherini conservatoire’s red room. The performers were Valentina Ciardelli (double bass), Anna Quiroga (harp) and Stefano Teani (piano).

It was a quite fantastic concert: lively, different, lyrical, surreal, fun, fab, with something to please all except for one person (wait till the end to find out).

 

The afternoon recital started with something frenetically Rossinian. It was a real challenge to play this piece in the mounting heat of a Lucca scorched by one of its hottest days.

The both lyrical  and witty second item was composed by Valentina.

Other pieces followed including some by Frank Zappa (Valentina’s sobriquet is ‘Zappawoman’).

Valentina’s pot-pourri arrangement of themes from Puccini’s ‘Madama Butterfly’  paid elegant homage to Lucca’s most famous composer.

My favourite, however, was the Royal March from Stravinsky’s Soldier’s Tale played by Ciardelli and Quiroga (the duet otherwise known as the Girls in The Magnesium Dress).

If ever there is such a thing as an eclectic double-bass player then it is Ms Ciardelli; she is a superb performer, extracting every type of timbre and nuance from a very exacting instrument, a brilliant and clever arranger and a highly talented composer. Most of all Valentina is doing for the double bass the kind of job that James Galway did for the flute, nurturing people’s increasing appreciation for the double bass. Having such astounding team members like Teani and Quiroga does help…

 

 

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(PS I have to add that the left hand of the management at this particular festival item didn’t know what the right hand was doing. Evidently, a pass was required for entry to the concert, although this was not clearly specified. A rather officious young man at the entrance let us in on the basis that I had written an article on the festival in ‘Grapevine’, the Lucca area English magazine. However, we found out when we’d returned home that there were two persons, arriving a little later than us, who were excluded from enjoying the concert because they didn’t have a pass. One was the editor of ‘Grapevine’; the other was her daughter, a professional harpist of some distinction. I thought this was quite unacceptable.)

Baba Cesare : ॐ नमः शिवाय: Brahma Murari Surarchita Lingam

Jai Baba Cesareji Jai.

Puja in onore di Shivaji ogni mattina alle otto e poi anche alle dieci all’ashram di Guzzano.

Puja in devotion to Shivaji every morning at 8 am and also at 10 am at the ashram in Guzzano.

हर सुबह 8 बजे शिवाजी की भक्ति में पूजा और गुज़ानो में आश्रन में सुबह 10 बजे पूजा

 

 

Detachment

Remaining conscious of yourself as a spiritual being whilst playing your part in the material world is true detachment.

Brahma Muraari Surarchita Lingam
Nirmala Bhaashita Sobhitha Lingam
Janmaja Dhukha Vinaasahana Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Devamuni Pravaraarchita Lingam
Kaama Dahana Karunaakara Lingam
Ravana Darpa Vinaasahana Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Sarva Sugandha Sulepitha Lingam
Buddhi Vivaardhana Kaarana Lingam
Siddha Suraasura Vandhitha Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Kanaka Mahaamani Bhooshitha Lingam
Phanipathi Veshthitha Sobitha Lingam
Daksha Suyajna Vinaashana Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Kumkuma Chandhana Lehpitha Lingam
Pankaja Haara Susobhitha Lingam
Sanchitha Paapa Vinaashana Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Deva Ganaarchita Sevitha Lingam
Bhavair Bhakthi Bhirevacha Lingam
Dinakara Koti Prabhaakara Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Ahshta Dalopari Veshthitha Lingam
Sarva Samudbhava Kaarana Lingam
Ahshta Daridra Vinaashana Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Suraguru Suravara Poojitha Lingam
Suravana Pushpa Sadarchitha Lingam
Paraath Param Paramatmaka Lingam
Tatpranamaami Sadaashiva Lingam

Lingashtaka Midam Punyam
Yah Pathet Sivasannidhau
Sivaloka Mahaapnoti
Sivehna Saha Modatheh

***

(English translation)

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is worshipped by Brahma, Vishnu and other Gods,
Which is pure and resplendent,
And which destroys sorrows arising out of birth and death.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is worshipped by great sages and devas,
The destroyer of Kama, Linga, the compassionate,
And which destroyed the pride of Ravana.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is well annointed with all fragrances,
Which leads to growth of wisdom,
And which is worshipped by sages, devas and asuras.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is ornamented by gold and jewels,
Which is radiant and who has the king of serpents, coiled around him,
And which destroyed the Yagna of Daksha.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is smeared with sandal paste and saffron,
Which is decorated with garland of lotus flowers,
And which can destroy accumulated sins.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is is worshipped by gods and other beings,
Which is the doorway for devotion and good thought,
And whose splendor is like millions of Suns.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is enveloped with eight-fold petals,
Which is the cause of all creation,
And which destroys eight types of poverty.

I bow before that Sada Shiva Lingam,
Which is worshipped by the gurus of gods,
Which is worshipped by the best of gods,
Which is always worshipped by the flowers,
From the garden of Gods,
Which is the eternal abode,
And which is the ultimate truth.

Any one who chants the holy octet of the Lingam,
In the holy presence of Lord Shiva,
Would in the end reach the world of Shiva,
And keep him company.

A Great Quartet in the Making

Recently I attended perhaps one of the best concerts performed in Bagni di Lucca this year: the Elmire quartet, winner of the Adolfo Betti award, first violin of the legendary Flonzaley quartet and twin brother of the great chemist from which Massimo Betti’s family descends, gave us, at the casinò, impeccable and heartfelt performances of the forty-year-old Haydn’s Op 20 no 3, a piece of the pre-atonal Webern and the quartet op 18 no 3 by Haydn’s twenty-year-old student, Beethoven.

It was a truly memorable evening!

Here is the recording I made of the Elmire playing the first movement of Haydn’s string quartet Op 20. no 3 from the series known as the ‘sun quartets’ (from the sun shown on the title page of an early edition).

Op 20 are a milestone in the history of string quartet development. For the first time each instrument has a truly independent melodic line and there is a seriousness which goes against the more light-hearted ‘galant’ style of the times.

And here is the last movement of Beethoven’s string quartet op 18 no 3 which already shows the young composer’s complete mastery of the form he largely learnt from his teacher, Haydn.

Something about the quartet which inspired the Adolfo Betti award: the Flonzaley Quartet was organized in Manhattan, New York City in 1902 and was one of the first of a line of great quartets which would include, later in the century, such famous names as the Griller, Busch and Amadeus quartets.

The quartet, which took its name from its sponsor Edward de Coppet’s villa in Switzerland, had the following line-up:

  • 1st violin: Adolfo Betti (Bagni di Lucca, 21 March 1875 – Lucca, 2 December 1950).
  • 2nd violin: Alfred Pochon (Yverdon, 30 July 1878 – Lutry, 26 February 1959).
  • viola: Ugo Ara (Venice, 1876 – Lausanne, 1 December 1936), until 1917; replaced by Louis Bailly (Valenciennes, 13 June 1882 – Cowansville, Québec, 21 November 1974), until 1924; by Félicien d’Archambeau (? – ?), until 1925; by Nicolas Moldavan (Kremenetz, 23 January 1891 – New York, 21 September 1974)
  • violoncello: Iwan d’Archambeau (Herve, 1879 – Villefranche-sur-Mer, 29 December 1955).

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(Adolfo Betti is first on the left)

The quartet, which had strict orders to devote themselves entirely to quartet playing without any outside commitments to orchestras, lasted until 1929. It made a number of recordings which are readily available on YouTube. I remember a conference given some years back, at Bagni di Lucca’s library in which Michele Bianchi, the noted Puccini scholar, gave a fascinating account of the Flonzaley’s playing technique. They played with extreme precision and empathy and did not indulge unduly in needless vibrati,  portamenti and glissandi so common at the time. The quartet’s approach appealed to composers like Stravinsky who wrote his three string quartet pieces and a concertino for them.

Here is the Flonzaley playing the fourth movement of Haydn’s ‘Lark’ quartet,  recorded around 1927.

 

 

Some Enchanted Evening

A wonderfully evocative concert on the evening of the century’s longest red moon was held in the front garden of the Villa Bonvisi by soprano Charlotte Potter, seen here in my photo of her by the villa’s gorgeous hydrangeas:

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The concert was organised with the help of enterprising Priscilla Valentino (daughter of our GP) who has enlivened Bagni di Lucca with such events as the Christmas celebrations at the villa.

The event was suitably entitled ‘Eclissi Concert’:

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Charlotte has just finished her first year at the renowned Chetham’s school of music in Manchester and has a beautifully developing soprano voice with a timbre which lends itself well to both classical opera, and modern musicals.

Charlotte charmed us with well-chosen items ranging from a song with words by Lord Byron, who spent his holidays in 1822 at the villa as guest of his friend Scottish banker John Webb, to Puccini who loved spending his summers at Bagni di Lucca.

Charlotte introduced her last item, ‘O mio babbino caro’, from Puccini’s ‘Gianni Schicchi’ by relating that she’d earlier visited Puccini’s birth-house in Lucca and was asked by the curator what she was going to be doing that day. ‘I’m singing in a concert at Bagni di Lucca tonight’, answered Charotte. Upon which the curator asked her ‘would you like to sing something next to Puccini’s own piano?’ Charlotte chose that meltingly pleading song sung by Lauretta after her father threatens to separate her from her love Rinuccio. Charlotte transmitted to us her great emotion at singing by Puccini’s piano.

Here is Charlotte’s rendition at the Villa Bonvisi:

In case you don’t understand the Italian words, here is a translation:

Oh my dear papa,
I love him, he is handsome, handsome.
I want to go to Porta Rossa
To buy the ring!
Yes, yes, I want to go there!
And if I loved him in vain,
I would go to the Ponte Vecchio,
but to throw myself in the Arno!I am anguished and tormented!
Oh God, I’d want to die!
Papa, have pity, have pity!
Papa, have pity, have pity!
Oh my beloved father,
I love him, I love him!
I’ll go to Porta Rossa,
To buy our wedding ring.
Oh yes, I really love him.
And if you still say no,
I’ll go to Ponte Vecchio,
And throw myself below.My love for which I suffer,
At last, I want to die.
Father I beg, I beg.
Father I beg, I beg.

By this time the red moon was clearly visible in the background and its appearance to the left of Charlotte was quite transcendent.

Later at our mountain home I was able to photograph that amazing, passionate moon more clearly.

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In this photo you can see the planet Mars to the south-east of the blood-moon.

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I do regret, however, that I didn’t record the item I thought Charlotte sang best of all: that haunting song from ‘Les Miserables’: ‘I dreamed a dream’

The biggest surprise of the evening for most of us, however, was to find out at the end that the beautiful voice we had heard belonged to a seventeen year old!